Autecological study ofVICIA VILLOSA was performed in Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province from 2002 to 2004. At first, geographical distribution of V. VILLOSA was determined on province map. Then three habitats namely Firooz Abad, Maleh Shureh and Dali Beigi were selected as study areas. Climatic, topographic and edaphic properties of mentioned areas were studied. Seed properties, root structure and different animals preference for grazing from V. VILLOSA was evaluated. Phenological studies were done for two years. Results showed that this species distributes in elevation ranging from 900-2500 m asl. Its habitat climate is semi arid and temperate to cold Mediterranean with annual mean precipitation and temperature of 870 mm and 14.8 Co, respectively. There is no limitation in view point of slope aspect while suitable slope for its occurrence ranges from 5-15%. Germination percentage was obtained 11%. Vertical and horizontal root depths were recorded 150 and 75 cm, respectively. Exploitation by goat was more than sheep and cow. Vegetative growth initiates in March and seed falling occurs in July.

To study the effect of barley-vetch intercropping on their yields and yield components, a two-year field experiment was conducted during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Miandoab. Factors consisted of 9 mixed treatments: with densities of 250 vetch plants + 300 barley plants, 250 vetch plants + 500 barley plants, 250 vetch plants + 700 barley plants, 450 vetch plants + 300 barley plants, 450 vetch plants + 500 barley plants, 450 vetch plants + 700 barley plants, 650 vetch plants + 300 barley plants, 650 vetch plants + 500 barley and 650 vetch plants + 700 barley plants per square meter and sole cropping of barley (350 plants per m2) and vetch (250 plants per m2). Experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Result of combine analysis showed that there were significant differences among the patterns of planting treatments. The highest number of spikes per square meter (97. 88), thousand kernel weight (47. 28 g) and biological yield (7. 63 t. ha-1) and seed yield (4. 36 t. ha-1) were observed in sole cropping of barley. Also, the highest number of plants (379. 25), biological yield (63. 67 t. ha-1) and seed yield (1. 94 t. ha-1) in vetch were belonged to sole cropping of vetch. In this study the highest land equivalent ratio (LER), based on seed yield (1. 20) and biological yield (1. 48), belonged to 250 vetch + 500 barley plants treatment, which indicate the usefulness of this intercropping treatment, as compared to the sole cropping of these two plant.

In order to evaluate forage quantity and quality in 15 domestic population of vetch, a field experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh in 2015. The species included domestic populations of VICIA sativa L. (2, 7, 29, 30, 16, 15, 10, 36, 33 and 23), VICIA hyrcanica (24 and 22) and VICIA VILLOSA L. (12, 28 and 35). The results showed that the highest (530. 8 g. m-2) and lowest (91. 16 g. m-2) dry forage yield were obtained in the 30 and 36, respectively. Also, the highest seed yield (43. 43 g. m-2) was related to population 28. In addition, the highest total digestible nutrients (TDN), dry matter intake (DMI), digestible dry matter (DDM), relative feed value (RFV), net energy of lactation (NEL) and metabolisable energy (MED) was achieved in 28 (VICIA VILLOSA L. ) population. In addition to, the lowest content of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was obtained in the 28 and 30, respectively. The cluster analysis categorized the quantitative and qualitative traits of the populations into three groups. So that, in terms of the quantitative and qualitative, the 30 and 28 populations were assigned to one group, respectively. Generally, based on quantitative and qualitative traits, the 28 (VICIA VILLOSA L. ) and 30 (VICIA sativa L. ) were recommended as suitable species for cultivation in rainfed conditions.

Homand Absard Rangeland Research Station is located 70 km northeast of tehran and 15 km southeast of Damavand with an altitude of 1972 m a. s. l., an average annual rainfall of 333 mm, and a cold semi-steppe climate. In order to compare the seed production of VICIA VILLOSA under different cultivation seasons and methods, the seeds were initially collected from natural habitats similar to the mentioned station. Afterwards, seed characteristics such as viability, and seed vigorwere examined. Two sowing methods, namely row seeding and seeding with rainfall storage, through crescent contour trenches and spring and autumn sowing dates, were considered in a complete randomized block design with three replications. Statistical analysis was performed by independent t-test using SPSS 21 software. According to the obtained results, no establishment was recorded for spring sowing,furthermore, in autumn sowing, the two cultivation methods were not significantly different in terms of establishment (p <0. 05). However, the results of mean comparisons showed that in autumn sowing, the crescent seeding with an average seed production of 68. 36% was superior to the row seeding with an average seed production of 59. 12%.

The current research was performed in Homand Absard Research Station to investigate the yield of VICIA VILLOSA under different sowing and establishment methods. Initially, the seeds of this species were collected from similar natural habitats. Afterward, seed characteristics including germination percentage, viability, seed vigor, etc., were examined. The study area is a semi-steppe region with an average rainfall of 333 mm. Two sowing methods including seeding and seeding together with rainfall storage, and spring and autumn sowing dates were considered in a split plot design with three replications. Data analysis was performed with SPSS software, and mean comparisons were done by Duncan's multiple range test. According to the obtained results, no significant differences were obtained for the yield of the seeds cultivated in autumn and spring between two sowing methods at 5% level of probability. However, the interaction between methods and season was significant and higher yield was recorded for the seeding with rainfall storage method in autumn season.

Background: Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is widely consumed due to its nutritional value; however, it remains highly perishable. In this study, we investigated the effects of an edible coating derived from VICIA VILLOSA protein isolate (VVPI) combined with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to prolong the shelf life of rainbow trout fillets under refrigerated conditions (4 ± 1 °C). Methods: VVPI was extracted from defatted VICIA VILLOSA seeds, and three coating formulations were prepared: VVPI alone, VVPI with10 mg ZnO/100 mL, and VVPI with 20 mg ZnO/100 mL. Rainbow trout fillets were coated and monitored for 12 days. Various chemical indices including pH, free fatty acids, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and total volatile nitrogen along with microbial loads, and sensory attributes were evaluated on Days 0, 4, 8, and 12. Results: The results showed that fillets coated with VVPI-containing ZnO NPs had significantly lower levels of lipid oxidation and microbial growth than the control and VVPI-only samples. Higher concentrations of ZnO NPs (20 mg/100 mL) exhibited the strongest protective effect, delaying the onset of rancidity and maintaining sensory quality. The shelf life of the fillets was effectively extended by four days, highlighting the potential of this approach to preserve fish fillets. Conclusion: Incorporating ZnO NPs into VVPI-based coatings presents a promising strategy for enhancing the freshness and acceptability of rainbow trout fillets.